German Commander Who Fought Again Alvin York

United States Regular army Medal of Honour recipient

Alvin C. York
York in uniform, 1919 wearing the Medal of Honor and Croix de Guerre
Birth proper noun	Alvin Cullum York
Nickname(s)	"Sergeant York"
Born	(1887-12-xiii)December thirteen, 1887 Fentress County, Tennessee, U.Due south.
Died	September 2, 1964(1964-09-02) (aged 76) Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
Buried	Wolf River Cemetery, Pall Mall, Tennessee, U.S. 36°32′fifty.ii″Due north 84°57′14.8″Westward  /  36.547278°N 84.954111°Westward  / 36.547278; -84.954111
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	United States Army Tennessee Land Guard
Years of service	1917–1919 (active) 1942–1945 (honorary) 1941–1947 (State Guard)
Rank	Sergeant (active) Major (Hon.) Colonel (Tenn.)
Service number	1910421
Unit	Company G, 328th Infantry, 82nd Division (1917–1919) U.S. Army Signal Corps (1942–1945)
Commands held	7th Regiment, Tennessee Land Guard (1941–1947)
Battles/wars	World War I Battle of Saint-Mihiel Meuse-Argonne Offensive Defensive Sector World War II American Theater
Awards	Medal of Accolade 1914–1918 War Cross with Palm (French republic) Encounter more than
Spouse(s)	Gracie Loretta Williams ​ ​ (m. 1919)​
Children	10
Other work	Superintendent of the Cumberland Mountain State Park
Website	sgtyork.org

Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964), too known as Sergeant York, was one of the well-nigh decorated Usa Army soldiers of World War I.^[1] He received the Medal of Award for leading an assail on a High german car gun nest, gathered 35 motorcar guns, killing at least 25^[2] enemy soldiers and capturing 132 prisoners. York's Medal of Honor activity occurred during the U.s.-led portion of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France, which was intended to breach the Hindenburg line and force the Germans to surrender. He earned decorations from several allied countries during WWI, including France, Italy and Montenegro.

York was born in rural Tennessee, in what is at present the community of Drapery Mall in Fentress County. His parents farmed, and his male parent worked as a blacksmith. The eleven York children had minimal schooling because they helped provide for the family, including hunting, angling, and working equally laborers. After the death of his father, York assisted in caring for his younger siblings and found work as a blacksmith. Despite being a regular churchgoer, York as well drank heavily and was prone to fistfights. After a 1914 conversion experience, he vowed to improve and became even more than devoted to the Church building of Christ in Christian Wedlock. York was drafted during World War I; he initially claimed conscientious objector status on the grounds that his religious denomination forbade violence. Persuaded that his religion was not incompatible with military service, York joined the 82nd Sectionalization as an infantry private and went to France in 1918.

In October 1918, Individual Offset Class (Interim Corporal) York was one of a group of seventeen soldiers assigned to infiltrate German lines and silence a machine gun position. After the American patrol had captured a large group of enemy soldiers, German small arms fire killed six Americans and wounded three. Several of the Americans returned burn down while others guarded the prisoners. York and the other Americans attacked the automobile gun position, killing several German language soldiers.^[3] The High german officer responsible for the automobile gun position had emptied his pistol while firing at York but failed to striking him. This officeholder and so offered to surrender and York accepted. York and his men marched dorsum to their unit's command post with more than than 130 prisoners. York was after promoted to sergeant and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cantankerous. An investigation resulted in the upgrading of the accolade to the Medal of Award. York'south feat fabricated him a national hero and international celebrity among allied nations.

After Armistice Solar day, a group of Tennessee businessmen purchased a farm for York, his new wife, and their growing family. He later formed a charitable foundation to ameliorate educational opportunities for children in rural Tennessee. In the 1930s and 1940s, York worked as a project superintendent for the Civilian Conservation Corps and managed structure of the Byrd Lake reservoir at Cumberland Mountain State Park, afterwards which he served for several years as park superintendent. A 1941 film about his Globe War I exploits, Sergeant York, was that year's highest-grossing film; Gary Cooper won the University Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of York, and the film was credited with enhancing American morale equally the U.s. mobilized for activity in Globe War 2. In his after years, York was confined to bed by health problems. He died in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1964 and was buried at Wolf River Cemetery in his hometown of Pall Mall, Tennessee.

Early life and ancestry [edit]

Alvin Cullum York was born in a two-room log cabin in Fentress County, Tennessee.^[4] He was the tertiary kid built-in to William Uriah York and Mary Elizabeth (Brooks) York. William Uriah York was born in Jamestown, Tennessee, to Uriah York and Eliza Jane Livingston, who had moved to Tennessee from Buncombe County, Northward Carolina.^[v] Mary Elizabeth York was built-in in Pall Mall to William Brooks, who took his female parent's maiden name as an allonym of William H. Harrington after deserting from Visitor A of the 11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment during the American Ceremonious War, and Nancy Pyle, and was the great-granddaughter of Conrad "Coonrod" Pyle, an English settler who settled Pall Mall, Tennessee.

William York and Mary Brooks married on Dec 25, 1881, and had xi children: Henry Singleton, Joseph Marion, Alvin Cullum, Samuel John, Albert, Hattie, George Alexander, James Preston, Lillian Mae, Robert Daniel, and Lucy Erma.^[five] The York family is mainly of English beginnings, with Scots-Irish ancestry too.^{[6] [7]} The family resided in the Indian Creek area of Fentress County.^[five] The family was impoverished, with William York working as a blacksmith to supplement the family'due south income. The men of the York family farmed and harvested their own food, while the mother made all of the family's wearable.^[v] The York sons attended school for only nine months^[iv] and withdrew from education considering William York needed them to assist piece of work on the family subcontract, chase, and fish to aid feed the family.^[5] When William York died in Nov 1911, his son Alvin helped his mother raise his younger siblings.^[5] Alvin was the oldest sibling still residing in the canton, since his two older brothers had married and relocated. To supplement the family unit's income, York worked in Harriman, Tennessee,^[4] first in railroad construction and then every bit a logger. By all accounts, he was a skilled laborer who was devoted to the welfare of his family, and a crack shot. York was too a fierce alcoholic prone to fighting in saloons. In i of the saloon fights his best friend was killed. York also accumulated several arrests inside the area.^[four] His mother, a member of a pacifist Protestant denomination, tried to persuade York to change his ways.^[8]

World War I [edit]

Conscientious Objector Merits of Appeal for Alvin Cullum York (1917)

Despite his history of drinking and fighting, York attended church building regularly and often led the hymn singing. A revival meeting at the stop of 1914 led him to a conversion experience on January one, 1915. His congregation was the Church of Christ in Christian Union, a Protestant denomination that shunned secular politics and disputes betwixt Christian denominations.^[9] This church had no specific doctrine of pacifism but it had been formed in reaction to the Methodist Episcopal Church, S's back up of slavery, including armed conflict during the American Civil War, and it opposed all forms of violence.^[ten] In a lecture afterward in life, York reported his reaction to the outbreak of World War I: "I was worried clean through. I didn't want to go and kill. I believed in my Bible."^[11]

On June 5, 1917, at the historic period of 29, Alvin York registered for the draft as all men betwixt 21 and xxx years of age were required to do as a outcome of the Selective Service Act. When he registered for the draft, he answered the question "Do you claim exemption from draft (specify grounds)?" by writing "Yes. Don't Want To Fight."^[12] When his initial merits for conscientious objector status was denied, he appealed.^[13] During World War I, conscientious objector status did not exempt the objector from military duty. Such individuals could still be drafted and were given assignments that did not conflict with their anti-war principles. In November 1917, while York's awarding was considered, he was drafted and began his army service at Camp Gordon, Georgia.^[14]

From the solar day he registered for the typhoon until he returned from the war on May 29, 1919, York kept a diary of his activities. In his diary, York wrote that he refused to sign documents provided by his pastor seeking a belch from the Army on religious grounds and like documents provided by his mother asserting a claim of exemption as the sole support of his mother and siblings. Despite his initial, signed asking for an exemption, he later disclaimed ever having been a careful objector.^[15]

Entry into service [edit]

York served in Company Grand, 328th Infantry, 82nd Division. Deeply troubled past the conflict between his pacifism and his preparation for war, he spoke at length with his company commander, Captain Edward Courtney Bullock Danforth Jr. (1894–1974) of Augusta, Georgia, and his battalion commander, Major G. Edward Buxton of Providence, Rhode Island, a devout Christian himself. Biblical passages about violence ("He that hath no sword, allow him sell his cloak and buy one." "Render unto Caesar ..." "... if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight.") cited by Danforth persuaded York to reconsider the morality of his participation in the war. Granted a x-mean solar day leave to visit home, he returned convinced that God meant for him to fight and would keep him prophylactic, equally committed to his new mission as he had been to pacifism.^{[fourteen] [16]} He served with his partition in the St. Mihiel Offensive.

Medal of Honor activity [edit]

In an October 8, 1918, assail that occurred during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, York'southward battalion aimed to capture German positions most Hill 223 ( 49°17′08″N four°57′09″E  /  49.28558°N iv.95242°E  / 49.28558; 4.95242 ) along the Decauville railroad due north of Chatel-Chéhéry, France. His actions that twenty-four hours earned him the Medal of Award.^[17] He later recalled:

The Germans got usa, and they got us correct smart. They just stopped us expressionless in our tracks. Their automobile guns were up there on the heights overlooking united states and well subconscious, and we couldn't tell for certain where the terrible heavy fire was coming from ... And I'm telling you they were shooting direct. Our boys just went down like the long grass earlier the mowing machine at abode. Our attack just faded out ... And at that place we were, lying down, nigh halfway across [the valley] and those German machine guns and big shells getting united states of america hard.^[18]

Nether the control of Cpl. (Acting Sergeant) Bernard Early on, four non-deputed officers, including Interim Corporal York,^[19] and xiii privates were ordered to infiltrate the German lines to take out the machine guns. The group worked their style behind the Germans and overran the headquarters of a High german unit, capturing a big group of German soldiers who were preparing a counter-attack against the U.S. troops. Early's men were contending with the prisoners when German machine gun burn suddenly peppered the area, killing six Americans and wounding three others. Several of the Americans returned fire while others guarded the prisoners. From his advantageous position, York fought the Germans.^[xx] York recalled:

And those motorcar guns were spitting fire and cutting downwardly the undergrowth all around me something awful. And the Germans were yelling orders. You never heard such a dissonance in all of your life. I didn't have time to contrivance backside a tree or dive into the brush ... As soon as the machine guns opened fire on me, I began to commutation shots with them. There were over thirty of them in continuous action, and all I could do was bear on the Germans off just as fast as I could. I was sharp shooting ... All the time I kept yelling at them to come down. I didn't want to kill any more than I had to. But it was they or I. And I was giving them the best I had.^[21]

During the attack, a High german officer led several Germans to the scene of the fighting and ran into York who shot several of them with his pistol.^[22]

Imperial German Regular army Commencement Lieutenant Paul Jürgen Vollmer, commanding the 120th Reserve Infantry Regiment's 1st Battalion, emptied his pistol trying to kill York while he was contending with the machine guns. Declining to injure York, and seeing his mounting losses, he offered in English to surrender the unit to York who accepted.^[23] At the terminate of the engagement, York and his 7 men marched their High german prisoners back to the American lines. Upon returning to his unit, York reported to his brigade commander, Brigadier Full general Julian Robert Lindsey, who remarked: "Well York, I hear you take captured the whole German army." York replied: "No sir. I got only 132."

York's actions silenced the German language machine guns and were responsible for enabling the 328th Infantry to renew its attack to capture the Decauville Railroad.^[24]

Post-battle [edit]

Sergeant Alvin C. York at the loma where his deportment earned him the Medal of Accolade (February 7, 1919)

York was promptly promoted to sergeant and received the Distinguished Service Cross. A few months later, an investigation by York'due south chain of command resulted in an upgrade of his Distinguished Service Cantankerous to the Medal of Honor, which was presented by the commanding general of the American Expeditionary Forces, General John J. Pershing. The French republic awarded him the Croix de Guerre, Medaille Militaire and Legion of Honor.

In addition to his French medals, Italy awarded York the Croce al Merito di Guerra and Montenegro decorated him with its War Medal.^{[2] [25]} He eventually received virtually l decorations.^[2] York's Medal of Award citation reads:^[26]

Later on his platoon suffered heavy casualties and 3 other noncommissioned officers had go casualties, Cpl. York causeless command. Fearlessly leading vii men, he charged with dandy daring a machine gun nest which was pouring deadly and incessant burn upon his platoon. In this heroic feat the auto gun nest was taken, together with 4 officers and 128 men and several guns.

In attempting to explicate his actions during the 1919 investigation that resulted in the Medal of Honor, York told General Lindsey "A higher power than human being guided and watched over me and told me what to do." Lindsey replied "York, you are correct."^[27]

Biographer David D. Lee (2000) wrote:

Initially York's exploit attracted fiddling public attention, simply on 26 April 1919, Saturday Evening Mail correspondent George Pattullo published "The Second Elder Gives Boxing," an account of the firefight that made York a national hero overnight. York'due south explanation that God had been with him during the fight meshed neatly with the popular attitude that American involvement in the state of war was truly a holy cause, and he returned to the United States in the spring of 1919 amid a tumultuous public welcome and a flood of business organisation offers from people eager to capitalize on the soldier'due south reputation.^[28]

Homecoming and fame [edit]

Before leaving France, York was his division'south noncommissioned officer consul to the caucus which created the American Legion, of which York was a charter member.^[29]

U.S. Army Sergeant Alvin C. York after his return to his Tennessee dwelling. His mother is pouring water into the basin and his younger sister is standing on the cabin'southward back porch. York turned down many lucrative offers, including one worth $30,000 (equivalent to $448,000 in 2020) to appear in vaudeville, to return to the life he had known earlier the war.^[30]

York'southward heroism went unnoticed in the The states press, even in Tennessee, until the publication of the April 26, 1919, outcome of the Sabbatum Evening Post, which had a circulation in backlog of 2 million. In an article titled "The 2d Elder Gives Boxing", journalist George Pattullo, who had learned of York'south story while touring battlefields earlier in the twelvemonth, laid out the themes that have dominated York's story ever since: the mountaineer, his religious religion and skill with firearms, patriotic, plainspoken and unsophisticated, an uneducated man who "seems to do everything correctly past intuition."^[31] In response, the Tennessee Society, a grouping of Tennesseans living in New York Urban center, arranged celebrations to greet York upon his return to the United states of america, including a five-day furlough to allow for visits to New York City and Washington, D.C. York arrived in Hoboken, New Jersey, on May 22, stayed at the Waldorf Astoria, and attended a formal banquet in his honor. He toured the subway arrangement in a special automobile earlier continuing to Washington, where the Firm of Representatives gave him a standing ovation and he met Secretary of War Newton D. Baker and the President's secretary Joe Tumulty, as President Wilson was still in Paris.^[32]

York proceeded to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, where he was discharged from the service, and then to Tennessee for more than celebrations. He had been home for barely a week when, on June 7, 1919, York and Gracie Loretta Williams were married by Tennessee Governor Albert H. Roberts in Curtain Mall. More celebrations followed the wedding, including a week-long trip to Nashville where York accepted a special medal awarded past the state.^[33]

York refused many offers to turn a profit from his fame, including thousands of dollars offered for appearances, production endorsements, newspaper articles, and flick rights to his life story. Instead, he lent his name to various charitable and civic causes.^[34] To support economic development, he campaigned for the Tennessee government to build a road to service his native region, succeeding when a highway through the mountains was completed in the mid-1920s and named Alvin C. York Highway.^[35] The Nashville Rotary organized the purchase, by public subscription, of a 400-acre (one.6 kmⁱⁱ) farm, the one souvenir that York accepted. However, it was not the fully equipped subcontract he was promised, requiring York to infringe money to stock it. He subsequently lost coin in the farming depression that followed the war. Then the Rotary was unable to continue the installment payments on the property, leaving York to pay them himself. In 1921, he had no option merely to seek public help, resulting in an extended discussion of his finances in the press, some of information technology sharply disquisitional. Debt in itself was a trial: "I could get used to most any kind of hardship, simply I'm not fitted for the hardship of owing coin." Only an entreatment to Rotary Clubs nationwide and an account of York's plight in the New York World brought in the required contributions by Christmas 1921.^[36]

After the war [edit]

In the 1920s, York formed the Alvin C. York Foundation with the mission of increasing educational opportunities in his region of Tennessee. Board members included the area'southward congressman, Cordell Hull, who afterwards became Secretarial assistant of State under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Secretary of the Treasury William Chiliad. McAdoo, who was President Wilson's son-in-law, and Tennessee Governor Albert Roberts. Plans called for a not-sectarian institution providing vocational preparation to be called the York Agricultural Institute. York concentrated on fund-raising, though he disappointed audiences who wanted to hear near the Argonne when he instead explained that "I occupied one infinite in a 50 mile front end. I saw then piffling information technology inappreciably seems worthwhile discussing it. I'm trying to forget the state of war in the interest of the mountain boys and girls that I grew up among."^[37] He fought showtime to win financial back up from the state and county, then battled local leaders nearly the school's location. Refusing to compromise, he resigned and developed plans for a rival York Industrial School. After a series of lawsuits he gained control of the original institution and was its president when it opened in December 1929. As the Great Depression deepened, the state government failed to provide promised funds, and York mortgaged his farm to fund bus transportation for students. Even after he was ousted as president in 1936 by political and bureaucratic rivals, he continued to donate money.^{[38] [39]}

Alvin C. York after Globe State of war I

In 1935 York, sensing the finish of his time with the institute, began to piece of work as a project superintendent with the Noncombatant Conservation Corps overseeing the creation of Cumberland Mountain State Park'due south Byrd Lake, one of the largest masonry projects the program ever undertook.^[forty] York served as the park's superintendent until 1940.^[41] In the second one-half of 1930s and early 1940s, in the run-up to the America's entry in World War II, York was a forceful and public advocate for interventionism, calling for U.Due south. involvement in the war confronting Germany, Italian republic and Japan.^[42] At the time, U.Southward. public opinion was overwhelmingly in favor of the isolationist and non-interventionist arroyo, and York'due south unpopular views led to accusations that he was engaged in war-mongering. York became a relatively rare high-profile public voice for intervention. In a speech at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in May 1941, York said: "We must fight once more! The fourth dimension is not now ripe, nor will it ever be, to compromise with Hitler, or the things he stands for."^[42]

York'southward speeches attracted the attending of President Roosevelt, who frequently quoted York, particularly a passage from York's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier speech:

Past our victory in the last state of war, we won a charter on liberty, non a human action to it. At present subsequently 23 years, Adolf Hitler tells the states that lease is expiring, and after the fashion of all leases, we take the privilege of renewing information technology, or letting information technology go by default ... . We are standing at the crossroads of history. The of import capitals of the world in a few years volition either be Berlin and Moscow, or Washington and London. I, for one, prefer Congress and Parliament to Hitler's Reichstag and Stalin'southward Kremlin. And considering we were for a fourth dimension, side past side, I know this Unknown Soldier does also. Nosotros owe it to him to renew that charter of freedom he helped us to go.^[42]

During World War II, York attempted to re-enlist in the Army.^{[43] [44]} However, at fifty-4 years of age, overweight,^[43] almost-diabetic,^[45] and with testify of arthritis, he was denied enlistment every bit a combat soldier. Instead, he was deputed as a major in the Ground forces Bespeak Corps^{[43] [45]} and he toured training camps and participated in bond drives in support of the war endeavor, normally paying his own travel expenses. Gen. Matthew Ridgway afterwards recalled that York "created in the minds of farm boys and clerks ... the conviction that an aggressive soldier, well-trained and well-armed, tin can fight his way out of any state of affairs." He also raised funds for war-related charities, including the Crimson Cross. He served on his county draft board and, when literacy requirements forced the rejection of big numbers of Fentress Canton men, he offered to pb a battalion of illiterates himself, saying they were "crack shots".^[46] Although York served during the war as a Signal Corps major^{[43] [45]} and every bit a colonel with the seventh Regiment of the Tennessee State Guard,^[47] newspapers continued to refer to him as "Sergeant York".^[48]

Legacy and movie story [edit]

Biographer David Lee explored the reason Americans responded and so favorably to his story:

York'due south Appalachian heritage was fundamental to his popularity because the media portrayed him equally the archetypical mount human being. At a fourth dimension of domestic upheaval and international doubt, York's pioneer-like skill with a rifle, his homespun manner, and his fundamentalist piety endeared him to millions of Americans as a "gimmicky ancestor" fresh from the backwoods of the southern mountains. As such, he seemed to affirm that the traditional virtues of the agrarian The states yet had significant in the new era. York represented not what Americans were but what they wanted to think they were. He lived in one of the about rural parts of the country when a bulk of Americans lived in cities; he rejected riches when the tenor of the nation was crassly commercial; he was pious when secularism was on the rise. For millions of people, York was the incarnation of their romanticized understanding of the nation's by when men and women supposedly lived plainer, sterner, and more virtuous lives. Ironically, while York endured as a symbol of an older America, he spent most of his adult life working to bring roads, schools, and industrial development to the mountains, changes that were destroying the society he had come to represent.^[28]

1919 newspaper coverage of Alvin York (left) with his female parent and his wife, Gracie Williams

York cooperated with journalists in telling his life story twice in the 1920s. He allowed Nashville-built-in freelance journalist Sam Cowan to see his diary and submitted to interviews. The resulting 1922 biography focused on York's Appalachian background, describing his upbringing among the "purest Anglo-Saxons to be found today", emphasizing popular stereotypes without bringing the man to life.^{[49] [50]} A few years later, York contacted a publisher about an edition of his state of war diary, but the publisher wanted additional material to mankind out the story. Then Tom Skeyhill, an Australian-built-in veteran of the Gallipoli campaign,^[51] visited York in Tennessee and the two became friends. On York'due south behalf, Skeyhill wrote an "autobiography" in the offset person and was credited equally the editor of Sergeant York: His Own Life Story and State of war Diary. With a preface by Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War in World War I, it presented a ane-dimensional York supplemented with tales of life in the Tennessee mountains.^[52] Reviews noted that York only promoted his life story in the involvement of funding educational programs: "Perhaps York'south bearing after his famous exploit in the Argonne all-time reveals his native greatness. ... He volition not exploit himself except for his ain people. All of which gives his book an appeal beyond its contents."^[53]

The mountaineer persona Cowan and Skeyhill promoted reflected York's ain behavior. In a speech at the 1939 New York World's Off-white, he said:

Nosotros, the descendants of the pioneer long hunters of the mountains, have been chosen Scotch-Irish and pure Anglo-Saxon, and that is costless, I reckon. But we want the world to know that we are Americans. The spiritual surround and our religious life in the mountains have fabricated our spirit wholly American, and that true pioneer American spirit still exists in the Tennessee mountains. Fifty-fifty today, I want you all to know, with all the clamor of the globe and its evil attractions, you lot still find in the trivial humble log cabins in the Tennessee mountains that old-fashioned family altar of prayer—the same that they used to have in grandma'south and granddad's day—which is the true spirit of the long hunters. We in the Tennessee mountains are non transplanted Europeans; every cobweb in our torso and every emotion in our hearts is American.^[54]

For many years, York employed a secretary, Arthur S. Bushing, who wrote the lectures and speeches York delivered. Bushing prepared York's correspondence also. Similar the works of Cowan and Skeyhill, words ordinarily ascribed to York, though doubtless representing his thinking, were ofttimes composed by professional writers.^[55] York had refused several times to authorize a film version of his life story.^[56] Finally, in 1940, as York was looking to finance an interdenominational Bible school, he yielded to a persistent Hollywood producer and negotiated the contract himself.^[57] In 1941 the movie Sergeant York, directed by Howard Hawks with Gary Cooper in the title role, told about his life and Medal of Honor action.^[58] The screenplay included much fictitious material though it was based on York's Diary.^{[59] [60]} The marketing of the film included a visit by York to the White House where FDR praised the film.^[61] Some of the response to the film divided along political lines, with advocates of preparedness and aid to Great Britain enthusiastic ("Hollywood's commencement solid contribution to the national defence force", said Time) and isolationists calling it "propaganda" for the administration.^{[62] [63]} It received eleven Oscar nominations and won two, including the Academy Award for Best Histrion for Cooper. It was the highest-grossing picture of 1941.^{[59] [64]} York's earnings from the film, virtually $150,000 in the kickoff two years as well as afterwards royalties, resulted in a decade-long battle with the Internal Revenue Service.^[65] York eventually built function of his planned Bible school, which hosted 100 students until the late 1950s.^[66]

Political views [edit]

York originally believed in the morality of America'south intervention in World War I.^[67] By the mid-1930s, he looked back more critically: "I tin't see that we did whatever practiced. There'south every bit much trouble now as there was when we were over there. I think the slogan 'A war to end war' is all incorrect."^[68] He fully endorsed American preparedness, only showed sympathy for isolationism past saying that he would fight simply if war came to America.^[69]

A consistent Democrat – "I'thousand a Democrat first, terminal, and all the fourth dimension",^[70] he said – in January 1941 he praised FDR's support for Britain and in an address at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Memorial Day of that year he attacked isolationists and said that veterans understood that "freedom and freedom are then very precious that yous do not fight and win them once and stop." They are "prizes awarded only to those peoples who fight to win them and then keep fighting eternally to hold them!"^[71] At times he was edgeless: "I call back whatever man who talks against the interests of his ain state ought to be arrested and put in jail, not excepting senators and colonels." Everyone knew that the colonel in question was Charles Lindbergh.^[72]

In the late 1940s he called for toughness in dealing with the Soviet Union and did non hesitate to recommend using the diminutive flop in a first strike: "If they can't detect anyone else to push the button, I will."^[73] He questioned the failure of United Nations forces to utilise the atomic bomb in Korea.^[73] In the 1960s he criticized Secretarial assistant of Defense Robert McNamara'south plans to reduce the ranks of the National Guard and reserves: "Naught would please Khrushchev better."^[74]

Personal life and decease [edit]

The graves of Alvin (correct) and Gracie (left) York at Wolf River Cemetery, Pall Mall, Tennessee

York and his married woman Grace had ten children, seven sons and three daughters, most named after American historical figures: Infant son (1920, died at four days), Alvin Cullum, Jr. (1921–1983), George Edward Buxton (1923–2018), Woodrow Wilson (1925–1998), Samuel Huston (1928–1929), Andrew Jackson (built-in 1930), Betsy Ross (built-in 1933), Mary Alice (1935–1991), Thomas Jefferson (1938–1972), and Babe girl (1940, died same day).^{[75] [76]} His son, Thomas Jefferson was killed in the line of duty on May vii, 1972, while serving equally a Lawman in Fentress County, Tennessee.^[77]

York suffered from health issues throughout his life. He had gallbladder surgery in the late 1920s and suffered from pneumonia in 1942. Described in 1919 equally a "red-haired giant with the ruddy complexion of the outdoors" and "standing more than than 6 feet ... and tipping the scale at more than 200 pounds",^[78] by 1945 he weighed 250 pounds and in 1948 he had a stroke. More strokes and some other case of pneumonia followed, and he was confined to bed from 1954, farther handicapped by failing eyesight. He was hospitalized several times during his final 2 years.^{[79] [80]} York died at the Veterans Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 2, 1964, of a cerebral hemorrhage at age 76. Later a funeral service in his Jamestown church, with Gen. Matthew Ridgway representing President Lyndon Johnson,^[81] York was buried at the Wolf River Cemetery in Pall Mall. His funeral sermon was delivered past Richard G. Apprehensive, General Superintendent of the Churches of Christ in Christian Marriage.^[82] Apprehensive too preached Mrs. York'south funeral sermon in 1984.^[83]

Awards and decorations [edit]

1st Row	Medal of Award	Earth State of war I Victory Medal with iii bronze service stars	American Campaign Medal
2nd Row	Earth War II Victory Medal	Legion of Accolade (France)	Military Medal (France)
3rd Row	1914–1918 War Cross with Palm (France)	State of war Cantankerous (Italy)	Order of Prince Danilo I (Montenegro)

Legacy [edit]

Controversy [edit]

Outset soon after York's return to the United states of america at the stop of the war, doubt and controversy periodically surfaced over whether the events detailed in his Medal of Award documents had taken place equally officially described, and whether other soldiers in York's unit should also accept been recognized for their heroism.^{[84] [85]} Otis Merrithew (William Cutting) and Bernard Early were among those who argued confronting the official version.^[86] Of the 17 American soldiers who were involved in York'due south Medal of Award action, half dozen were killed.^[87] York received the Medal of Honor, and over the years, three of the others who lived through that day's fighting besides received valor awards,^[88] including the Distinguished Service Cross for Early in 1929,^[89] and the Silvery Star for Merrithew in 1965.^[ninety]

Discovery of 'lost' battlefield [edit]

In October 2006, United States Regular army Colonel Douglas Mastriano, head of the Sergeant York Discovery Expedition (SYDE), conducted research to locate the York boxing site.^[91] Among the Mastriano trek's finds were 46 American burglarize rounds.^[92] In improver, his inquiry located pieces of German ammunition and weaponry.^[93] Without the official support of the French regime, Mastriano excavated the site and bulldozed the area in order to build two monuments and a historic trail.^[94]

Yet, another squad lead by Dr. Tom Nolan, head of the Sergeant York Project and a geographer at the R.O. Fullerton Laboratory for Spatial Technology at Middle Tennessee State University, placed the site 600 meters south of the location identified by Mastriano.^{[95] [96] [97]} Nolan'south enquiry relied on gimmicky army graves registration Forms, the 82nd Division's wartime history, and maps fatigued by G.Eastward. Buxton and Captain E.C.B. Danforth, both of whom walked the ground with York during the Medal of Honour investigation.^[98]

Monuments and memorials [edit]

Many places and monuments throughout the world accept been named in laurels of York, nigh notably his farm in Pall Mall, which is at present open up to visitors as the Sgt. Alvin C. York State Historic Park.

Several government buildings have been named for York, including the Alvin C. York Veterans Hospital located in Murfreesboro.^[99]

The Alvin C. York Plant was founded in 1926 as a agricultural loftier schoolhouse by York and residents of Fentress County and continues to serve as Jamestown's high schoolhouse.^[100]

York Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York Metropolis was named for York in 1928.^[101]

Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert Penn Warren used York as the model for characters in two of his novels, both explorations of the burden of fame faced past battlefield heroes in peacetime. In At Heaven's Gate (1943), a Tennessee backwoodsman who was awarded the Medal of Honor in World War I returns from combat, becomes a country legislator, so a depository financial institution president. Others exploit his decency and fame for their own selfish ends every bit the novel explores the real-life experience of an sometime-fashioned hero in a cynical globe. In The Cavern (1959), a similar hero from a similar background has aged and go an invalid. He struggles to maintain his identity as his existent cocky diverges from the robust legend of his youth.^[102]

A monumental statue of York by sculptor Felix de Weldon was placed on the grounds of the Tennessee State Capitol in 1968.^[103]

In the 1980s, the United States Regular army named its DIVAD weapon system "Sergeant York"; the project was cancelled considering of technical problems and price overruns.^[104]

In 1993, York was among 35 Medal of Accolade recipients whose portraits were painted and biographies included in a boxed set of "Congressional Medal of Award Trading Cards," issued by Eclipse Enterprises under license from the Medal of Honor Society. The text is past Kent DeLong, the paintings past Tom Simonton, and the ready edited past Catherine Yronwode.^[105]

On May 5, 2000, the United States Postal Service issued the "Distinguished Soldiers" stamps, ane of which honored York.^[106]

The riderless horse in the 2004 funeral procession of President Ronald Reagan was named Sergeant York.^[107] Laura Cantrell'due south 2005 song "Old Downtown" talks near York in depth.^[108]

In 2007, the 82nd Airborne Segmentation's movie house at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, was named York Theater.^[109]

The traveling American football game trophy betwixt UT Martin, Austin Peay, Tennessee State, and Tennessee Tech is called the Alvin C. York trophy.^{[110] [111]}

The U.S. Army ROTC's Sergeant York Honor is presented to cadets who excel in the program and devote additional time and effort to maintaining and expanding it.^[112]

A memorial to graduates of the East Tennessee State University ROTC program who have given their lives for their country carries a quotation from York.^[113]

The Third Regiment of the Tennessee Land Guard is named for York.^[114]

The Association of the United states of america Army published a digital graphic novel about York in 2018.^[115]

Swedish ability metal band Sabaton'southward 2019 album The Great War contained a rail titled "82nd All the Fashion", a tribute to York's Medal of Accolade activeness.^[116]

Run across also [edit]

• Listing of Medal of Honor recipients for Earth War I
• List of members of the American Legion
• List of people from Tennessee
• List of people on stamps of the United States

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Owens, Ron (2004). Medal of Honor: Historical Facts & Figures. Turner Publishing Visitor. ISBN9781563119958. Archived from the original on October xiv, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019. Exclusive of the five Marines who earned double awards of the Medal, Lt. Samuel Parker was the most highly decorated soldier of WWI.
2. ^ ^{a b c} New York Times: Sergeant York, War Hero, Dies", September three, 1964, accessed September 20, 2010
3. ^ Gregory, James (Summertime 2020). "Forgotten Soldiers: The Other 16 at Chatel-Chehery". Infantry Magazine. 109: 39–43.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Legends and Traditions of the Great State of war: Sergeant Alvin York by Dr. Michael Birdwell.
5. ^ ^{a b c d east f} Laughter & Lawter Genealogy: Gladys Williams, "Alvin C. York", accessed September xx, 2010 Archived October 21, 2006, at the Wayback Motorcar
6. ^ Sergeant York and His People By Sam Kinkade Cowan page 85
7. ^ York Indian Heritage at ancestry.com
8. ^ Alvin York: A New Biography, pp. 16–17.
9. ^ Lee, 1985, ix–13
10. ^ Lee, 1985, 15–6
11. ^ Capozzola, 2008, p. 67
12. ^ Capozzola, 2008, p. 68, includes a photograph of York's Registration Card from the National Archives
13. ^ "Merits of Appeal for Conscientious Objector Status by Alvin Cullum York"
14. ^ ^{a b} Capozzola, 2008, pp. 67–nine
15. ^ Sergeant York Patriotic Foundation: "Sgt. Alvin C. York'south Diary: November 17, 1917" Archived November 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, accessed September 21, 2010
16. ^ Lee, 1985, 18–twenty
17. ^ The events of the day are recounted in brief in Official History of the 82nd Division: American Expeditionary Forces, "All American" Partitioning, 1917–1919 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1919), 60–62; bachelor online, accessed September xx, 2010
18. ^ York 1930.
19. ^ Lee, 1985, 25–6
20. ^ Gregory, James (Summer 2020). "Forgotten Soldiers: The Other 16 at Chatel-Chehery". Infantry Magazine. 109: 39–43.
21. ^ Sergeant York Patriotic Foundation: "Sgt. Alvin C. York'due south Diary: October 8, 1918" Archived Nov 27, 2010, at the Wayback Automobile, accessed September 21, 2010
22. ^ Buxton, G. Edward (1919). Official History of 82nd Division American Expeditionary Forces. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 58–62.
23. ^ Lee, 1985, 32–6
24. ^ Mastriano, Douglas, Colonel, U.S. Army Brave Hearts under Cerise Skiesand Douglas Mastriano: "A Solar day for Heroes" Archived December 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, accessed September 21, 2010
25. ^ Lee, 1985, 39
26. ^ "York, Alvin C. (Medal of Honor citation)". Medal of Honor recipients — World War I. United States Ground forces Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
27. ^ Mastriano, Douglas. "Trust Amidst Doubt and Adversity". The Sergeant York Discovery Expedition. Archived from the original on Jan vi, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
28. ^ ^{a b} Lee, American National Biography (2000)
29. ^ Perry, John (2010). Sergeant York. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, Inc. p. 58. ISBN978-1-59555-025-5.
30. ^ "Be It Ever And then Apprehensive". Underwood & Underwood. June 7, 1919. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
31. ^ Lee, 1985, 53–five
32. ^ Lee, 185, 58–lx
33. ^ Lee, 185, lx–62
34. ^ Lee, 1985, 62–4
35. ^ Lee, 1985, 63–4, 74–5
36. ^ Lee, 1985, 64, 71–four, quote 73; "Hero York Harassed, Tin can't Make Subcontract Pay". New York Times. July 21, 1921. Retrieved September xiii, 2010.
37. ^ Lee, 1985, 76
38. ^ Lee, 1985, 75–xc. On the political context of the disputes most school funding, see David D. Lee, Tennessee in Turmoil: Politics in the Volunteer State, 1920–1932 (Memphis State University Printing, 1979) ISBN 0-87870-048-X
39. ^ "Education: Fentress Feud, May 25, 1936". Time. May 25, 1936. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved September twenty, 2010.
40. ^ Cumberland Mountain State Park: A Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy at You Tube
41. ^ Van W, Carroll (2001). Tennessee's New Deal Landscape: A Guidebook. Knoxville, TN: Academy of Tennessee Press. p. 166. ISBN978-1-57233-107-5.
42. ^ ^{a b c} Mastriano, pp. 176–177.
43. ^ ^{a b c d} David E. Lee, Sergeant York: An American Hero (Lexington, 1985). ISBN 0-8131-1517-five
44. ^ "Sergeant York Signs Up Over again". Life. Vol. 12. May eleven, 1942. p. 26+. Retrieved Nov 17, 2017.
45. ^ ^{a b c} Birdwell, Michael E. "Sergeant York and Earth War Ii" (PDF). Sergeant York. Archived from the original (PDF) on Oct 3, 2011. Retrieved June i, 2011.
46. ^ Lee, 1985, 116–20
47. ^ Barry M. Stentiford, The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century (Texas A & Grand University Press, 2002), 94 ISBN 1-58544-181-3; available online, accessed September 20, 2010
48. ^ "Sgt. York Urges Aid for Red Cross". New York Times. February 19, 1942. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
49. ^ Lee, 1985, 93–iv
50. ^ New York Times: "Tennessee'due south War Hero", July 16, 1922, accessed September 20, 2010. Review of (Cowan, Sam K. (1922). Sergeant York And His People. ). Called "worthwhile", adding "careful restraint is 1 of its charms", and objecting "The attempt to picture him equally tearfully prayerful as he fought against merciless butchers for his own life and the lives of his American comrades verges on to mawkish twaddle."
51. ^ New York Times: "Tom Skeyhill, Author, Dies in Plane Crash", May 23, 1932, accessed September 20, 2010, calls Skeyhill the author of York's "official biography."
52. ^ Lee, 1985, 94–v
53. ^ New York Times: S. T. Williamson, "Sergeant York Tells His Own Story", December 23, 1928, accessed September twenty, 2010, review of Sergeant York: His Own Life Story and War Diary, edited by Tom Skeyhill (NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1928). On Williamson encounter New York Times: "Samuel T. Williamson, lxx, Dies", June 19, 1962, accessed September 20, 2010. Skeyhill wrote a version for children Sergeant York: Concluding of the Long Hunters (John C. Winston Visitor, 1930)
54. ^ New York Times: "Hull 'Nominated' on Tennessee Twenty-four hour period", July 23, 1939, accessed September 20, 2010
55. ^ Lee, 1985, xi–xii
56. ^ Lee, 1985, 101–2
57. ^ Lee, 1985, 102–4
58. ^ The story that York insisted on Gary Cooper in the championship office derives from the fact that producer Jesse L. Lasky, who wanted Cooper for the function, recruited Cooper by writing a plea that he have the role and so signing York'south name to the telegram. Lee, 1985, 105ff.
59. ^ ^{a b} "Plot Synopsis". Allmovie . Retrieved September x, 2010.
60. ^ Lee, 1985, 114
61. ^ Lee, 1985, 110
62. ^ Lee, 1985, 110–1
63. ^ "Movie theatre: New Movie, Aug. 4, 1941". Fourth dimension. August 4, 1941. Archived from the original on June 22, 2010. Retrieved September xiii, 2010.
64. ^ "Sergeant York (1941)". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on July 29, 2010. Retrieved September x, 2010.
65. ^ Lee, 1985, 128–ix
66. ^ Lee, 1985, 113, 128
67. ^ Lee, 1985, 58, 67
68. ^ Lee, 1985, 100
69. ^ Lee, 1985, 100–one; New York Times: "Sergeant York Hopes We Will Avert Wars", Nov 11, 1934, accessed September 14, 2010; New York Times: "Peace to be Theme on Ceasefire Day", November 9, 1936, accessed September xiv, 2010
70. ^ Lee, 1985, 120
71. ^ Lee, 1985, 109–10. FDR quoted York'south speech at length in an accost to the nation on November 11, 1941. See likewise Time: "Army & Navy and Civilian Defense: Old Soldiers", May 18, 1942, accessed September 14, 2010
72. ^ Lee, 1985, 109
73. ^ ^{a b} Lee, 1985, 125
74. ^ Lee, 1985, 132
75. ^ Lee, 1985, 150 n31. G. Edward Buxton was York'due south battalion commander in the 328th Infantry.
76. ^ "Obituary, George Eastward. York". Jennings Funeral Home. Jamestown, TN. January 7, 2018.
77. ^ "Constable Thomas Jefferson York". The Officer Downward Memorial Page.
78. ^ New York Times: "Sergt. York Domicile, His Daughter Says 'Yeah'", June 1, 1919, accessed September 20, 2010
79. ^ Lee, 1985, 127, 133–4
80. ^ Time said he weighed 275 in 1941. "Cinema: New Film, Aug. four, 1941". Time. Baronial 4, 1941. Archived from the original on June 22, 2010. Retrieved September xiii, 2010.
81. ^ Lee, 1985, 134
82. ^ Chocolate-brown, Kenneth Rev. (1980). A Goodly Heritage: a History of the Churches of Christ in Christian Matrimony. Circleville, OH: Circle Press, Inc. p. 122. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015 – via Wayback Car.
83. ^ Fontenay, Charles L. (September 28, 1984). "Sgt. York'southward Widow Dies; Rites Set". The Tennessean. Nashville, TN. p. 2B – via Newspapers.com.
84. ^ Mastriano, p. 153.
85. ^ Talley, Robert (Nov 11, 1929). "11 Years Later on War Finds Members in Dissimilar Jobs: Still Tin't Understand why Sergeant York Got all the Credit for Winning" (PDF). Niagara Falls Gazette. Niagara Falls, NY. p. iv.
86. ^ Talley, Robert (November 11, 1929). "Controversy Still On Between Members Of Heroic Ring of Soldiers In Argonne Fight" (PDF). Niagara Falls Gazette. Niagara Falls, NY. p. four. Retrieved February ten, 2018 – via Fulton History.com.
87. ^ Mastriano, Douglas (March 14, 2017). "Alvin York: Hero of the Argonne". History Net.com. Leesburg, VA: Weider History Group.
88. ^ Krimsky, George (May v, 2008). "Move over, Sgt. York". The Republican-American. Waterbury, CT. Archived from the original on March iv, 2016.
89. ^ International News Service (Oct five, 1929). "Sergeant Early to become Distinguished Service Cantankerous Today". The Kane Republican. Kane, PA. p. 1.
90. ^ Associated Press (September twenty, 1965). "Medal Comes 47 Years Tardily: "York and I fought Next"". The Daily Citizen. Tucson, AZ. p. 33.
91. ^ Smith, Craig S. (October 26, 2006). "Proof offered of Sergeant York's war exploits". The New York Times . Retrieved June 16, 2010.
92. ^ Montgomery, Nancy (May 26, 2008). "Officer says he's pinpointed Sgt. York's stand up: 5,000 artifacts and exhausting inquiry help American zero in on where a marker will be". Stars and Stripes. Washington, DC.
93. ^ Mastriano, Col. Douglas. "The York Artifacts Gallery". www.sgtyorkdiscovery.com. Self-published. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
94. ^ Tom Nolan (November 17, 2008). "Search for Sgt. York site turns into modernistic media battle" (PDF). The Record (Eye Tennessee State University) . Retrieved Nov 17, 2008.
95. ^ "Sergeant York Project – Saluting History of Greatness". Sergeant York Project.
96. ^ University of S Caroline: James B. Legg, "Finding Sgt. York", xviii–21 Archived June 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 13, 2010
97. ^ Texas Country Academy: Nolan, "Battlefield Landscapes" Archived July 3, 2010, at the Wayback Auto, accessed June thirteen, 2010
98. ^ Kelly, Michael (2018). Hero on the Western Front: Discovering Alvin York'due south WWI Battleground. Frontline Books. ISBN978-1-52670-075-9.
99. ^ "Tennessee Valley Healthcare System – Alvin C. York (Murfreesboro) Campus". United States Section of Veterans Diplomacy. Archived from the original on September 3, 2010. Retrieved Baronial 30, 2010.
100. ^ "York Institute: Student Handbook 2007–2008". York Institute Student Handbook. Archived from the original on Apr 29, 2009. Retrieved Dec 29, 2008.
101. ^ Pollak, Michael (August vii, 2005). "The Great Race – "A Tennesseean Honored"". The New York Times . Retrieved October 23, 2007.
102. ^ Lee, 1985, 130–2; Maxwell Geismar (August 22, 1943). "The Pattern of Dry Rot in Dixie". The New York Times . Retrieved September 12, 2010. ; Orville Prescott (August 24, 1959). "Books of The Times". The New York Times . Retrieved September 12, 2010.
103. ^ Robert Ewing Corlew, Stanley John Folmsbee, and Enoch 50. Mitchell, Tennessee: A Brusque History, 2nd ed. (Knoxville, TN: Academy of Tennessee Press, 1981), 442
104. ^ Wilentz, Amy (September ix, 1985). "No More Time for Sergeant York". Time. Archived from the original on December vii, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
105. ^ "Jeff Alexander's House of Checklists: Congressional Medal of Accolade, Eclipse, 1993". Retrieved Oct 21, 2017.
106. ^ Ford, Spc. Keisha (May 5, 2000). "The Pentagram: U.S. Postal service salutes four American war heroes". Center of Military History. U.S. Army. Retrieved October ten, 2016.
107. ^ Kindred, Dave (June 21, 2004). "A proud performer after all". The Sporting News . Retrieved October 23, 2007.
108. ^ "Laura Cantrell Biography". Matador Records. June 21, 2005. Archived from the original on November xv, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
109. ^ "Ft Bragg – York Theatre". Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES). Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
110. ^ Scott, Marlon (October 23, 2007). "The New Sergeant York Trophy Series". The All State . Retrieved October 23, 2007.
111. ^ "OVCSports.com – Sgt. York Trophy presented by Delta Dental of Tennessee". ovcsports.com . Retrieved October 9, 2015.
112. ^ University of Texas: "Cadet Ribbons", accessed November 21, 2010; Awarded to the cadet who does the most to support the ROTC program. Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
113. ^ Waymarking.com: "ETSU Army ROTC 50th Anniversary – Johnson City", accessed August 29, 2010
114. ^ Tennessee Country Baby-sit, Tertiary Regiment: "Mission", accessed September 20, 2010
115. ^ "AUSA Book Program". December 17, 2015.
116. ^ "82nd All the Way - Lyrics".

References [edit]

• Birdwell, Michael Eastward. (1999). Celluloid Soldiers: The Warner Bros. Campaign against Nazism. New York, N.Y.: New York University Press. ISBN0-8147-9871-three.
• Capozzola, Christopher (2008). Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Mod American Citizen. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-nineteen-533549-1.
• Lee, David D. (2000)( "York, Alvin Cullum" American National Biography (online 2000) online
• Lee, David D. (1985). Sergeant York: An American Hero. Lexington, Ky.: University Printing of Kentucky. ISBN0-8131-1517-5.
• Mastriano, Douglas V. (2014). Alvin York: A New Biography of the Hero of the Argonne. University Printing of Kentucky. ISBN9780813145198. OCLC 858901754.
• Perry, John (1997). Sgt. York: His Life, Fable & Legacy. B&H Books. ISBN0-8054-6074-eight.
• Toplin, Robert Brent (1996). History by Hollywood: The Utilize and Abuse of the American By . Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-02073-1.
• Wheeler, Richard, ed. (1998). Sergeant York and the Nifty War. Bulverde, Tex.: Mantle Ministries. ISBN1-889128-46-5.
• Williams, Gladys. "Alvin C. York". York Plant. Archived from the original on March 26, 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2010.

Further reading [edit]

• Cowan, Sam K. (1922). Sergeant York And His People. Funk & Wagnall's Company Project Gutenberg. online free
• Kelly, Jack (2007). "How Sergeant York Became America's Hero". American Heritage. Archived from the original on Jan 12, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
• Skeyhill, Thomas. Sergeant York: Last of the Long Hunters (1930);
• Yockelson, Mitchell. Forty-Seven Days: How Pershing'southward Warriors Came of Age to Defeat at the German Ground forces in Globe State of war I. New York: NAL, Quotient, 2016. ISBN 978-0-451-46695-two.
• York, Alvin C.; Skeyhill, Tom, eds. (1928). His Own Life Story and War Diary. Garden Metropolis, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. (published 1930). Retrieved July 19, 2015.

External links [edit]

Official

• Official website
• Alvin C. York Establish
• Sgt. Alvin C. York State Historic Park
• Observe A Grave

General data

• "Alvin Cullum York". Hall of Valor. Military Times.
• Alvin Cullum York (1887–1964) at Medal of Honour Recipients Portrayed On Motion picture (lylefrancispadilla.com)
• Alvin C. York at IMDb
• Sergeant York Project
• The Sergeant York Discovery Trek (SYDE)
• Works by or about Alvin York at Net Archive

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_York

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